系统结构特征在事故致因中的应用研究

从二维空间的角度出发，提出了系统的结构特征；联系紧密和联系松散；复杂式相互作用和直线式相互作用的概念及其特点，并探讨了系统结构特征在系统事故致因中的应用分析。     

基于洪水灾害快速评估的承灾体易损性信息管理系统

洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统是为了开展洪水灾害快速评估,对不同洪水灾害流域和同一洪水灾害流域中的不同地区、不同承灾体(财产分类)、不同致灾因子(水深和历时等)条件,以财产的损失率为核心的综合信息管理系统。本文介绍了洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统的开发与设计的基本原理,阐述了系统的总体结构框架和功能模块划分,并且在系统数据流程图的基础上,对损失率数据库等几个重要的模块进行了详细的分析与设计,给出了系统的部分运行结果。本系统在与GIS、遥感等空间技术结合后,能够高效地完成各种洪水灾害损失的快速评估与预测分析工作,同时,本系统亦可独立作为对区域洪水灾害易损性研究的数据基础和理论支撑。     

Environmental regulatory compliance on army lands: A case study

A “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI) resulting from an environmental assessment (EA) was reported by the US Army in June 1986 for the construction and utilization of a multipurpose range complex (MPRC) at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii. There was little public response, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service and state agencies were consulted and had few comments concerning the results of the botanical surveys used in the assessment. Construction of the $24 million project was begun in 1988. Near the end of construction in 1989 a lawsuit was filed to halt construction because an environmental impact statement (EIS) had not been done for the project, and the plaintiff thought that significant damage had occurred to several unusual ecosystems. Judgment was against the plaintiff and construction continued. An appeal was filed with the 9th Circuit Court. As MPRC construction was nearly complete, and on advice of Department of Justice lawyers, the Department of Army agreed to settle out of court. The settlement in part called for: (1) the plaintiff to drop the appeal and allow construction to be completed as scheduled, and (2) the Department of Army to prepare an EIS for the operation of the MPRC. A subsequent botanical survey for the EIS discovered one endangered plant species, four category 1 candidate plant species (taxa with sufficient data to support listing as endangered or threatened), three category 2 candidate plant species (taxa with some evidence of vulnerability but insufficient data to support listing at this time), one category 3a species (presumably extinct taxa), and possibly three undescribed species growing within the MPRC boundary. The MPRC case study is an excellent example of why the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must be modified to require in-depth and thorough environmental surveys.     

煤气脱硫废料综合利用新工艺

针对煤气脱硫废料（简称废料）的成分（硫、碳、萘及少量其他有机物），提出了一种处理废料的新工艺，先用乙酸乙酯提取废料中的萘和少量其他有机物，再用复合溶剂B加热溶解废料，热过滤得碳粉，最后将溶液冷却结晶分离出硫。实验结果表明：在乙酸乙酯与废料的质量比（R1）为3.75，提取温度为60℃，提取时间为4h的条件下，萘回收率为98%，纯度大于等于70%，在复合溶剂B与提取剩余物的质量比（R2）为2.69，过滤温度为100℃的条件下，硫回收率接近100%，纯度大于等于99%，碳回收率和纯度为100%。     

Arctic Tipping Points: Governance in Turbulent Times

Interacting forces of climate change and globalization are transforming the Arctic. Triggered by a non-linear shift in sea ice, this transformation has unleashed mounting interest in opportunities to exploit the region’s natural resources as well as growing concern about environmental, economic, and political issues associated with such efforts. This article addresses the implications of this transformation for governance, identifies limitations of existing arrangements, and explores changes needed to meet new demands. It advocates the development of an Arctic regime complex featuring flexibility across issues and adaptability over time along with an enhanced role for the Arctic Council both in conducting policy-relevant assessments and in promoting synergy in interactions among the elements of the emerging Arctic regime complex. The emphasis throughout is on maximizing the fit between the socioecological features of the Arctic and the character of the governance arrangements needed to steer the Arctic toward a sustainable future.     

Adsorption of As(III) on chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex (Ch-Fe)

It was reported the adsorption of As(III) on the surface of the chitosan-Fe-crosslinked complex. Theoretical correlation of the experimental equilibrium adsorption data for As(III)/Ch-Fe system is best explained by the non-linearized form Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model. At optimum conditions, pH 9.0, the maximum adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model was 13.4 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics of As(III) onto Ch-Fe are described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. The results of the Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that there is no redox process on the surface of the adsorbent.     

可持续发展的生态学思考

本文从生态学角度对可持续发展理论进行了思考。指出生态危机是可持续发展产生的基本背景；生态学中许多基本理论，如协调、适应、稳定、有序、循环再生及生态系统理论等，是可持续发展不断完善的理论基础；包括生态规划、生态技术与生态管理在内的广义生态工程，是实现可持续发展的有效途径     

Adsorption of a dye on clay and sand. Use of cyclodextrins as solubility-enhancement agents

Laboratory-scale studies were aimed at elucidating the physico-chemical aspects on the removal process of crystal violet (CV) from waters and solid substrates. The laponite clay (RD) and sand were chosen for the double aim at investigating them as CV adsorbents for water treatment and as substrates which mime the soil components. Sand is very effective in removing CV from waters. The cyclodextrins (CDs) were exploited as solubility-enhancement agents to remove CV from the solid substrates. They are powerful solvent media because they extract the CV from sand forming water-soluble CV/CD inclusion complexes and do not show affinity for sand. Optimum performance was shown by the modified CDs (i.e. hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin). A linear correlation between the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the CV/CD inclusion complexes formation (K_cpx) and the maximum amount of CV extracted from sand in the columns experiments at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min⁻¹ was drawn. This relationship predicts that CDs with K_cpx < 180 M⁻¹ are not suitable for CV removal from sand. CDs failed to displace CV from RD because they generate the formation of RD clusters where CV remains entrapped.     

Types of Ectomycorrhiza of Mature Beech and Spruce at Ozone-Fumigated and Control Forest Plots

In the Kranzberg forest near Freising (Germany) a novel “Free-Air Canopy O₃ Exposure” system has been employed for analysing O₃-induced responses from sub-cellular to ecosystem levels that are relevant for carbon balance and CO₂ demand of 60-year-old beech trees. The below-ground ectomycorrhizal community was studied in two-fold ambient O₃ concentrations (five cores per sampling) and in a control plot with an ambient O₃ concentration (four cores per sampling). Five samplings were taken throughout two vegetation seasons (2003 and 2004). Types of ectomycorrhiza were determined by their morphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics and quantified by counting. The total number of mycorrhizal fine roots was higher at the fumigated plot as compared with the control site. The numbers of ectomycorrhizal types at the fumigated and control plots were 28 and 26, respectively. Cenococcum geophilum was present in all soil cores at all sampling times with a significant increase in abundance under ozone-fumigated trees. Other mycorrhizal types present at higher abundance at the fumigated than at the control plot were identified as Russula densiflora, R. fellea, R. illota, Tuber puberulum, Lactarius sp. 2 and Russula sp. 2. Some mycorrhizal types were present exclusively at the fumigated plot (Fagirhiza fusca, F. setifera, Lactarius acris, Piceirhiza nigra and Russula sp. 1). A possible ecological role for the abundant types of ectomycorrhiza and their putative application in bio-indication is discussed.     

高架路桥的震害、震害原因及抗震措施

对近年来美、日等国的高架道路和高架桥梁所遭受到的地震破坏以及破坏原因进行了概述，对其在高架路桥的规划、设计、施工过程中所要取的抗震措施作了介绍。